![]() ![]() REEs are considered to have possible toxicological effects on humans in occupational and environmental settings, though toxicological data are scarce. Apart from the pedosphere, other sources of REEs for leafy vegetation are fallout from atmospheric dust and nanoparticles with REEs from industrial and commercial emissions. The particle size of the emission/release may determine the deposition/exposure, and this may be more harmful if they are nanoparticles. įrom the food, environmental, and toxicological point of view, the intentional or unintentional production, release, exhaust, or other emissions of REEs pose a risk to the health of humans and other biota. Concentration of REEs in plants can be higher than is typical if they grew in polluted soil. americana closely reflected their pattern in the soils. In an early study by Ichihashi and co-workers (1992), the herb pokeweed ( Phytolacca americana) and two species of ferns ( Dicranopteris dichotoma and Athyrium yokoscence) were observed to be good accumulators of REE Sc and Y compared to other species investigated, while the species Ph. ![]() Mining and processing of the REE ores like that of some other metallic elements often result in pollution of underground waters, the pedosphere, and atmosphere as well as in elevated levels in vegetation at least at the local or regional level. ![]() Nowadays, REEs are a highly sought after resource for industrial technology and numerous other applications. The REEs, Sc and Y occur in soil at relatively low concentrations and their mineral deposits worldwide are limited, thus they are considered critical metals. Scandium (Sc) and yttrium (Y) are also studied in foods and environmental materials and considered together with the REEs. The term rare-earth elements (REEs) includes La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu-all of the lanthanides series. Dietary intake from a mushroom meal was negligible, posing no health risk to consumers. REE concentrations were generally low in Polish King Bolete. edulis collected from a forested area formerly used as a military shooting range-possibly a historically contaminated site-had an elevated summed REE content of 1796 µg kg −1. Ce, La, and Nd, with median values of 95, 51, and 32 µg kg −1, respectively, showed the highest occurrence. The Sc and Y median concentrations (dw) were 35 and 42 µg kg −1, respectively. The summed REE concentrations varied widely, with a median value of 310 µg kg −1 dw and a range of 87 to 758 µg kg −1. Individual REE median concentrations ranged from 0.4–95 µg kg −1 dry weight (dw). The occurrence and distribution of REEs Y and Sc in the fruitbodies of Boletus edulis collected from geographically diverse regions in Poland were studied in 14 composite samples that were derived from 261 whole fruiting bodies. Mining/exploitation and commercial applications of the rare-earth elements (REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) in the past 3 decades have raised concerns about their emissions to the environment, possible accumulation in food webs, and occupational/environmental health effects. ![]()
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